Essay Freedom, Patriarchy, and Racial Oppression - 976 Words

Freedom, Patriarchy, and Racial Oppression The French philosopher Jean-Paul Sarte is known to have established existentialism in France after the liberation of Paris in 1944. Existentialism is the philosophy that states that the values people choose influences the choices they make and how they interpret the meanings of their decisions. When existentialism was introduced in the United States, it challenged Americans to access their ethical standards from a different perspective. America is associated with being The land of the free. However, the American society has set standards on womens roles and racial castes and until these oppressions are eliminated the entire society will never have freedom. What is freedom?†¦show more content†¦Women can uphold the same positions as men; but they are paid less, harassed more, and receive fewer opportunities. In the media, women are more exploited than men and it is often portrayed that women are inferior to men. Women and men are treated differently in society, and women have frequently been unable to participate fully in all social areas. However as society has become more technologically advanced, women have shown that they posses the same amount of capability and intelligence as men. Feminism works to change the unjust theories in society by replacing old ideals with a new perspective that women are not inferior to men but are equal. I believe that if society applied an existentialist view into their live s there would be no need for feminism because everyone would agree with what feminism stands for, and patriarchy and male privilege would cease. People would begin to choose values that would incorporate each sex equally because they would begin to think about how the meanings of their decisions affects everyone in society. If people could begin thinking of how their decisions affect others, it could broaden their view that America is not The land of the free if minority races are still being oppressed in this country. Society stereotypes different races in the media, politics, education, and every other aspect of life. Society places certain races on a pedestal with stereotypesShow MoreRelatedConflict Between Cultural And Historical Norms893 Words   |  4 Pagessome extent freedom from ideological societies that subjugate them. Deniz Kandiyoti,’s ‘bargaining with patriarchy’ offers a complex but seemingly pertinent argument in regards to the dichotomy between society and gender specific roles. Regarding their practices as fluid and negotiable, where societies are the product of imposition that struggle between cultural and historical norms. Within these systems of negotiation, Kandiyoti’s juxtaposes agricultural labor and â€Å"classic patriarchy.† Within Sub-SaharanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Aint I A Woman 1079 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiences in the oppressive American system, she believed that those women’s stories could not be generalized for all African American women. It was necessary to have a book at this time that acknowledged not black women and the two types of oppressions they experienced that formed their present status in America. Bell was encouraged by her peers to write this well needed book. She was especially motivated by the views that others had toward black women at the time: â€Å"I can remember a dinner whereRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Alice Walker s The Color Purple1489 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribe black woman Celie and her suffering life. The book has fully expressed the idea of feminism and the ideological changes of black women trammeled by unequal idea. Giving an examination of black women s state of life under the racial and sexual oppression. The purpose of this book is not to show the inequality between black people and white people, but to discuss the relationship between black man and black women. Alice Walker shows the ideal relationship between black people by means ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Bell Hooks And Frantz Fanon1401 Words   |  6 PagesBoth philosophers, bell hooks and Frantz Fanon, address the problem of equality. In Feminism is for Everybody, hooks defines feminism as a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression. Hooks begins by stating feminism is for everybody (2000) and that it is an attempt to end sexism though reform feminism. In â€Å"Racism and Culture,† Fanon investigates whether ending racism is due to cultural relativity. In the book by Gloria Anzaldua Borderlands/La Frontera, she describes the personalRead MoreBell Hooks And The Feminist Movement872 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents were seen as not â€Å"really belonging† she says this experience â€Å"taught [her] the difference between education as the practice of freedom and education that merely strives to reinforce dominance.†(teaching to transgress 4). After high school she received her bachelor’s degree from stanford university and her master’s degree from UC Santa Cruz. She experienced racial and sexual discrimination throughout her life, and when she was in college, Bell Hooks was exposed to the women’s liberation movement;Read MoreA Review Of Feminist Theory2248 Words   |  9 Pageseradicating one without dismantling the others. She is a self-proclaimed black feminist criti c of â€Å"white-supremacist-capitalist-patriarchy.† Her work includes dozens of well-known novels and a plethora of scholarly articles. Her immediate family life and experiences growing up in Kentucky shaped her life perspective from which she writes. She encountered and survived racial segregation and was deeply immersed in the black community culture by means of that experience and her spirituality. It couldRead MoreThe Inequality Of Rural Women1723 Words   |  7 Pages. Peru had one of the largest indigenous populations within the Andean region, however the indigenous populations did not benefit from independence, it solely benefited the elite Creole class. (rosengreen). Colonial powers failed to recognize the racial and class implications that lead to Indigenous women being entirely excluded from the male-centered ideals of Enlightenment, making an invisible barrier restricting political and economical privileges and independence. Prior to the deceiving colonialRead Mo reBlack Women And The Black Men1345 Words   |  6 Pagesbut their struggles are a tale of two fights. To be a black woman seeking liberation, one had to fight racial inequality and sexual inequality at the same time. Black women who were involved in the Black Liberation Movement were discriminated against sexually by black men who were oppressed by whites and felt they had to adopt patriarchal roles. Black women in the Women s Movement faced racial inequality when white women discriminated against them. Also within the Movement, little attention wasRead MoreA Google Search For The Term Muslim Women 1735 Words   |  7 Pagestheir unveiling as an acceptance of modern times and more progressive society, claiming that the veil is tied to politics rather than religion; women who see it as a political symbol say that, unveiled, they can avoid the â€Å"religious extremism and racial separatism† associated with it (Read and Bartkowski 93). However, this claim of modernism is a way of attacking the non-western tradition of veiling; many of the same beliefs for the usage of the veil are commonly reflected in American society. IRead MoreCritically Examine How Black Feminism Emerged And Assess1229 Words   |  5 PagesAin’t I a Woman? â€Å" this speech is important for the contemporary black feminism because it When the Black feminist movement emerged in the U.S in the 1960s, it addressed the impacts of the hetero-normative, capitalist, sexist, white supremacist patriarchy. It unpacks social conditioning, understanding the black woman hood. It helped black women embrace their womanhood and race and it become a coping mechanism for black women who were oppressed by the feminist movement and black liberation movement

Maya Angelous Great Influence and Success Essay - 679 Words

The inspiring African-American woman born in 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri has been one of the many influential voices of our time. Educating herself and having love for the arts helped mold her life into what she imagined becoming a poet, memoirist, novelist, educator, dramatist, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, and even a civil rights activist. During her early years while still in High School Dr. Angelou experienced brutal racial discrimination directing her to the values of traditional African-Americans. In High School Dr. Angelou received a scholarship for a labor school in San Francisco but eventually dropping out. During the years of 1954 and 1955 Dr. Angelou toured Europe with a production named Porgey and Bess these would†¦show more content†¦Angelou went back into writing working on book named I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings which was published in 1970 as well as for many other books that she published becoming bestsellers. Writing many screenplays and compos ing Dr. Angelou scored for the film in 1972 Georgia, Georgia, her script was the first ever African American women ever to be filmed and got nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. Continuing to appear on television and in films being featured in the Alex Haley’s Roots and John Singleton’s Poetic Justice later directing a film Down-in the Delta. In 2008 Dr. Angelou composed poetry and narrated an award winning documentary of The Black Candle which was directed by M.K. Asante. Dr. Angelou served in the presidential committees having been awarded the Presidential medal of arts in 2000 as well as the Lincoln medal in 2008 and has received 3 Grammy awards. Dr. Angelou read her poem of on the pulse of the morning which was broadcasted around the world. Dr. Angelou’s honorary skills have leaded her to earn more than 50 honorary degrees. After the devastating occurrence of Martin Luther King Jr’s death Dr. Angelou did not celebrate her birthday afterwards but sent flo wers to King’s widow named Coretta Scott King for more than 30 years until Coretta died in 2006. Maya Angelou is the first black woman to write and produce several prize-winning documentaries such as Afro-American in the arts which was a PBS special later receiving a GoldenShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Interpretation of None the Other, Maya Angelou1508 Words   |  7 Pagesworld holds. Dr. Maya Angelou is one of the most renowned and influential voices of our time. Hailed as a global renaissance woman, Dr. Angelou is a celebrated poet, memoirist, novelist, educator, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, and civil rights activist. As a strong African-American woman, she has experienced the brutality of racial discrimination, yet also absorbed the unshakable faith and values of traditional African-American family, community, and culture. Dr. Maya Angelou’s notorious aspectsRead MoreMaya Angelou1001 Words   |  5 PagesMaya Angelou You may shoot me with your words, you may cut me with your eyes, you may kill me with your hatefulness. But still, like air, Ill rise. Have you ever been so influenced by such a small amount of powerful words? This brilliant quote extracted from Maya Angelous own poem, Still I Rise, basically brings out the spirit and nature of each of her publications. Maya Angelous works of poetry are seen as inspiration for those who have been discriminated for their public appearances. AsRead MoreMaya Angelou’s Unique Self Essay2562 Words   |  11 Pageslabeled in that early environment. In later years they change faces, places, and maybe races, tactics, intensities and goals, but beneath those penetrable masks they wear forever the stocking-capped faces of childhood (Angelou, 2009, p.20). In Maya Angelou’s autobiography, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, she recounts her early years as a young girl growing up in Stamps, Arkansas who faces displacement, trauma, and prejudice. It is through her character and artistic expression that she is able toRead MorePhenomenal Woman Essays1223 Words   |  5 Pages Maya Angelou is best known for addressing the world through the medium of her own life. Her works are a reflection of the social issues that were prevalent in the second half of the 20th century. â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† by Maya Angelou celebrates femininity and highlights the traits necessary for a woman to become ‘phenomenal.’ She believes that it is not the outer beauty of a person but the inner one which makes each woman phenomenal. She criticizes the biased societal expression that expects womenRead MoreI Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - Maya Angelou6502 Words   |  27 PagesAnalysis: Chapters 1–5 The lines from the poem Maya cannot finish, â€Å"What are you looking at me for? I didn’t come to stay . . .† capture two of the most significant issues she struggles with in her childhood and young adulthood: feeling ugly and awkward and never feeling attached to one place. First, Maya imagines that though people judge her unfairly by her awkward looks, they will be surprised one day when her true self emerges. At the time, she hopes that she will emerge as if in a fairy-taleRead MoreThe United States Of America2072 Words   |  9 PagesThe United States of America has been celebrated as the great â€Å"Melting Pot† among the nations, and rightfully so. The influx of immigrants from multiple countries, cultures, and ethnic backgrounds have furthered diversified the beliefs, traditions, and expectations represented within our country. The influence that this diversity had upon our nation has shaped our country’s ideals and behaviors, which are still pr esent today. The original intention behind the founding of our nation was to provide

Julius Caesar Marcus Brutus Character Analysis Essay Example For Students

Julius Caesar: Marcus Brutus Character Analysis Essay Julius Caesar: Marcus Brutus Character AnalysisWilliam Shakespeares play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, is mainlybased on the assassination of Julius Caesar. The character who was in chargeof the assassination was, ironically, Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friendto Julius Caesar. But what would cause a person to kill a close friend? Afterexamining Brutus relationship to Caesar, his involvement in the conspiracy, andhis importance to the plot, the truth can be revealed. Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friend to Caesar, has a strongrelationship with Caesar but a stronger relationship with Rome and its people. Brutus is very close to Caesar. In Roman times, the only way for someone to getclose to a person of high rank is if he/she is close to him/her. In many pointsof the play, Brutus was talking and next to Caesar. Brutus also loves Caesar butfears his power. In the early acts of the play, Brutus says to Cassius, Whatmeans this shouting? I do fear the people do choose Caesar for their kingyet Ilove him well.(act 1, scene 2, ll.85-89), as he is speaking to Cassius. Brutusloves Caesar, but would not allow him to climber-upwardHe then unto the ladderturns his back(act 2, scene 1, ll.24,26). As the quote says, Brutus would notallow Caesar to rise to power and then turn his back onto the people of Rome. After the assassination of Julius Caesar, Brutus talks to Antony about Caesarsdeath. Our hearts you see not; they are pitiful; and pity to the general wrongof Rome(act 3, scene 1, ll.185-186). Brutus says that Antony cannot seetheir(members of the conspiracy) hearts, which are full of pity. Again, thisshows how Brutus loved Caesar but cared for the life of Rome and its people more. This is the only reason Brutus would conspire against Caesar. For Brutus says tohimself, I know no personal cause to spurn at himHow that might change hisnature(act 2, scene1, ll. 1,13) Caesars relationship with Brutus is alsostrong. Just allowing Brutus to speak to Caesar shows his respect for Brutus. Caesar feels that Brutus is noble to him and does the right thing regardless ofpersonal danger. On the Ides of March, as Caesar was assassinated, Caesars lastline is: Et tu, Brute?Then fall, Caesar.(act 3, scene 1, l.85). This showsthat Caesar would not die without Brutus stab. Caesar realizes that there mustbe a noble reason for this assassination if Brutus was in it. This again showshow much Caesar respects Brutus. Brutus and Caesar both respect each other, butin different ways. Marcus Brutus had a very important role in the conspiracy against Caesar. He was the back-bone of the plan. According to Cassius, Brutus main purposein the conspiracy is for an insurance policy. The people will think, sinceBrutus is noble to Caesar, that there is a good reason for Caesarsassassination. Brutus will also be the leader of the conspiracy for anotherinsurance policy for the assassination. Cassius is the one who declares this,Brutus shall lead the way, and we will grace his heels with the most boldestand best hearts of Rome. (act 3, scene 1, ll.135-136). Again, if Brutus leadsthe way, the people will think that the death of Julius Caesar wasnt such a badthing. Brutus also declares to himself that his role in the conspiracy is tosave Rome. He says to the people that, If then that friend demand why Brutusrose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that Iloved Rome more.(Act 3,scene 2,ll.21-24). .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4 , .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4 .postImageUrl , .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4 , .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4:hover , .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4:visited , .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4:active { border:0!important; } .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4:active , .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4 .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc2d6700adeebc7361268e87a57d572b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Virginia Unemployment EssayIf Brutus was not in the plot of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, theconspiracy would probably not have worked. Since Brutus loved Rome more.(Act3,scene2, ll.23-24), he decided to be a part of the conspiracy. If he hadntloved Rome more than Caesar, he would not have joined in the assassination ofJulius Caesar. Cassius and the rest of the conspirators would probably not havecontinued on without Brutus because they would have no insurance afterwards. The people would think that there was no reason for Caesars death and mostlikely beheaded all the conspirators. Also, if Brutus was not in the play, thewhole end of the play would not ever occur. Brutus would not be there to have anarmy or kill himself, and Cassius will already be beheaded. If Brutus was not inthe play,

Frankenstein Essays (382 words) - Frankenstein,

Frankenstein This is an English book report on "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley Frankenstein The story of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is about a man who created something that messes with nature, and nature came back to mess with him because nature is more powerful than man. Victor Frankenstein was very interested in natural philosophy and chemistry and basically tried to play G-d by creating life. When he found the secret of activating dead flesh, he created a superhuman being composed of rotted corpses. What he did was considered unthinkable, and he was haunted by his own creation. When the monster escaped, Frankenstein knew that he had to deal with the consequences of what the monster might do. Frankenstein received a letter one day which informed him of his younger brother William's murder, and immediately suspected that he was responsible, for he was the creator of the hideous monster. A friend of the family named Justine Moritz was the "presumed" murderer, and Frankenstein was determined to prove her innocent. Circumstantial evidence, however, led the courts to believe Justine guilty, because found in her pocket was a photograph which had belonged to William. Justine had been put to death, and Frankenstein had yet to find his creation. Finally, upon their meeting, the monster confessed to his creator of what he had been through, how he was rejected by society, and finally, how he had come to kill William. When William had revealed his name to the monster, the monster immediately figured that by killing the young boy, he would have revenge on Frankenstein for giving him life. The monster did not understand the concept of right and wrong and he especially didn't mean to kill anybody. His expression of anger ended up being violent, even fatal to the victim, and it just worked out that he killed people. As the monster's story continued, he demanded of Frankenstein a female mate who he can be with until his end, and promised to live away from society. Frankenstein, meanwhile, tried to restore the monster's demented mind so he could live a normal life. Although at first Frankenstein agreed to create a friend for the monster, he changed his mind for fear that between the two of them, his life, as well as many others, would be in danger. The creature wanted revenge, and so everything important in Frankenstein's life ended up being destroyed, including his wife and best friend.

Ode on a Grecian Urn essays

Ode on a Grecian Urn essays An ode is a relatively long, serious poem that discusses a noble subject in a thoughtful and dignified manner. John Keats Ode on a Grecian Urn shows all the characteristics composing a Horatorian ode, a consistent rhyme scheme (ABABCDE followed by a final CDE varying in order), the ode follows a definite meter of iambic pentameter and consists of five ten line stanzas. At first glance, the poem brings forth a light tone, one of wonder and amazement about the beauty of the Grecian urn. However, a deeper insight into structure and the more important literary devices reveals the underlying meanings of the ode arising from which are far more serious themes and issues. The first stanza of the poem depicts the artistic talent of the pictures painted upon the urn, as the speaker seems to peer into the side of the urn whilst standing before it. The last of lines of the Stanza consists of seven rhetorical questions, the speaker asks: ... What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? What pipes and trimbles? What wild ecstasy?(Line 9-10) The urn cannot respond to him, and his line of questioning is abandoned as he continues to peer into the side of the urn. One of the speakers principal points about the urn is that it is free from time, everlasting, never having to worry over death and aging. However with this the urn is suspended in time, unable to experience life because it is not life. The use of the rhetorical question highlights this, the urn is unable to return contact with the speaker, it is free from time, yet simultaneously frozen in it. The second stanza refers to a different picture that has been carved into the side of the urn. A young man seems to be playing a pipe to his lover as the sit together beneath a glade of trees. The speaker complements the piper in that his melodies are sweeter than a mortals: Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter; therefore, ye pipes...

Primary lung cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Primary lung cancer - Essay Example It is vastly important to distinguish between SCLC and NSCLC through their histology as the treatment differs ("Types of," 2009). Although, SCLC grows and spreads quickly to other areas of the lung, it is also more responsive to treatment. SCLC accounts for 20 % of all lung cancers ("Types of," 2009). Exposure to radon, asbestos and uranium increases the risk of SCLC along with cigarette smoke. Small cell lung cancer is divided into two stages; namely, limited and extensive. Limited stage accounts for the presence of cancer in lymph nodes and in between the tissues present in one lung. While in the latter stage, cancer has spread to other organs of the body. The symptoms increase as the cancer advances: from coughing to swelling of hands and face, fatigue and even paralysis. Diagnosis is done through CT scan, chest x-ray, sputum cytology, bronchoscopy, etc. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy play a major role in combating SCLC whereas; surgery plays little or no role. This is because in about 70% of the patients, the tumor has already spread to other organs ("Small-Cell," 2009). Moreover, the survival time is about two years in the extensive stage. Though, there are cases where early diagnosis of SCLC has benefitted from surgical removal of the tumor. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has many different types based on their histology; which makes up about 75% of all lung cancers.

Supermarkets in United Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supermarkets in United Kingdom - Essay Example Although the supermarkets claim to provide a wide range of options for their shopping but the prices that they charge on their products and the pressure given to the suppliers has created certain predicaments in the market. The four giants in the UK supermarket are Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Asda and Morrison. In addition to the planning controls by the government for taking care of the pressures felt by the suppliers in the retail industry, it has restricted the expansion plans of the four giants in the market (Grugulis, Bozkurt and Clegg, 2). Despite the recession happening in the country and decrease in the consumer’s spending, the food and retail industries are showing exponential growth; the main credit goes to the four giants in the supermarket industry who are opening numerous stores at an accelerating rate (Neate, 1). The report by Corporate Commission has indicated that Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Asda and Morrison have been successful in getting permission from the co ncerned authorities to expand into other areas by opening up new stores. The report also highlighted the threat the expansion of these large supermarkets posed to the convenience stores, local grocery stores and specialty stores. The study of Clerren et al. revealed that the large supermarkets are doing expansion on such an increasing rate so that they can get more market share as compared to their competitors and it is expected that the trend will continue so because of the support that they are receiving by the UK government (470-471). Grocery Market of UK The IGD research has shown that in the past ten years, the grocery market of UK has been growing at an exponential rate and the number of large supermarkets has risen to an exceptionally high figure (Li, 2). In 2008, the grocery market had reached ?146.3bn from ?93.3bn in the year 1998. Afterwards, the market has seen numerous uncertainties in the form of less consumer spending power, high rate of unemployment, financial crisis and many more. As of 2008, the UK grocery store has been divided into four major sectors i.e. convenience store; hypermarket, superstore and supermarkets; online channel and traditional retail. Among all the sectors, the huge market is of hypermarket, superstore and supermarkets and these comprise of more than 73% of the entire sales of the grocery market, followed by convenience stores’ sector that has 21% of the total sales; however, traditional retail faces stiff competition from the aforementioned two sectors and it has declined to 5% (Michaels, 1). According to the Corporate Watch, the four biggest supermarket chains in the UK market comprise of Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Asda and Morrison and they collectively constitute of about 68% of the complete grocery market (3). Tescopoly has shown that the grocery market share can be distributed as the traditional retail stores and supermarket chains; the market share is divided as 30% of Tesco, 15% of Asda, 14% of Sainsburyâ₠¬â„¢s, and Morrison of 10%. Other supermarket chains that are included in UK grocery market are Marks and Spence, Iceland, Waitrose, Whole Foods Market, Aldi, Lidl and many more (Vasquez-Nicholson, 3). Porter has reported that the disclosed sales figure of the four large supermarket chains in the last financial year are as follows, Tesco ?3.8billion, Asda